德国监管机构首次将 Google AI Overviews 与 Perplexity 纳入媒体法管辖

Key Points

• German media regulators have for the first time classified AI search engines and chatbots as content providers, issuing legal rulings against Google and Perplexity.
• The regulators argue that the liability exemption under the Digital Services Act does not apply to AI-generated outputs, as these are considered independently created content rather than redistributed third-party material.
• Google is specifically accused of using its prominently placed AI summaries to push traditional links—particularly those to journalistic sources—into the background.

German media regulators have classified AI search engines and chatbots as content providers, issuing their first rulings against Google and Perplexity. Google's AI summaries allegedly crowd out journalistic content.

Germany's Commission for Licensing and Supervision (ZAK) has issued its first rulings against AI services from Google and Perplexity. This is the first time German regulators have applied the country's State Media Treaty to AI search engines and chatbots.

"AI search engines and chatbots are content providers, and we are now consistently applying German media law to them," said ZAK Chairman Dr. Thorsten Schmiege. According to the ZAK, the liability shield under the Digital Services Act, which protects platforms distributing third-party content, doesn't apply to AI-generated responses because they count as the providers' own content.

A Munich court recently reached a similar conclusion. It treated AI-generated text as independent content. The court said the responses contain "independent, new, and substantive statements" produced by analyzing and combining material from various third-party sites. Google was held liable for false claims, and the company says it will appeal.

Google now faces action under media law on top of civil liability. The rulings formally find that the companies violated Section 109 of the State Media Treaty and are immediately enforceable. Both Google and Perplexity have one month to appeal.

Google's AI answers allegedly bury traditional search links

Regulators accuse Google of failing to meet transparency rules and violating rules against discrimination. Google's AI summaries get prime placement above search results, pushing down traditional links, especially those to journalistic sources. Regulators say this amounts to prohibited discrimination because the AI responses are Google's own content, not neutral search results.

But link visibility likely isn't the only problem. Studies show that users rarely click source links once they feel their question has been answered. Moving those links higher is unlikely to change that. Google says the studies are flawed but hasn't released data showing otherwise.

In Perplexity's case, regulators have so far only flagged the company's lack of a designated representative in Germany and missing transparency disclosures. The same concerns should apply in theory because the services work much the same way, though Google's reach is far greater.

Source links put AI chatbots under the same rules as search engines

Regulators also see AI services acting as intermediaries. When a chatbot includes third-party content as sources or in link lists, it shapes whether users can find that content. That meets the bar for a media intermediary, regulators say, and triggers transparency rules meant to protect media diversity. "Anyone who controls whether content gets found through the selection and placement of links must make that transparent. Otherwise, diversity among journalistic and editorial outlets will disappear," Schmiege said.

A related legal opinion by Professors Jan Oster and Christoph Busch supports the regulators' view. Adding AI to search engines changes how people find information. Instead of a list of linked results, users get a single prose answer. That cuts traffic to original sources and puts journalism's funding at risk, the authors say. They recommend creating a separate category for AI search engines under state media law, with rules to protect media diversity.

Google has prepared for this in several ways, including rolling out its "Preferred Sources" feature. It's a fig leaf that lets the company argue in court that users can choose which sources appear. Few users are likely to maintain a custom source list, even as publishers line up to promote the feature. For Google, that amounts to a free pass to replace original sources in AI responses with providers that can't or won't fight back in court.