今年1月,特朗普政府推出了一项试点计划,利用人工智能来批准或拒绝 Medicare 患者的某些类型护理——Medicare 是一项面向老年人的联邦医疗保健计划,此前并不要求医生获得任何此类预先批准,即所谓的“事先授权”。
不久之后,媒体开始报道灾难性的后果:技术故障、漫长的延误、决策和护理方面的令人费解的拒绝、沮丧的医生,以及在痛苦中煎熬的患者。这些报道在本月早些时候基本得到证实,当时电子前沿基金会公布了一批联邦文件,涉及该项目(名为 WISeR),这些文件是该组织在诉讼过程中获得的。文件包含医疗保健提供者的反馈,其中一位称该项目“是人类的耻辱”,并报告说看到患者在等待护理时痛苦地哭泣。
在令人担忧的报道中,立法者一直在试图寻求答案并关闭该项目。与此同时,政府问责局在5月认定,特朗普官员在设立该项目时未遵循正当程序,使其合法性受到质疑。尽管如此,该项目似乎仍在不受阻碍地推进,并计划在未来几年扩大。
上周,众议员 Suzan DelBene(华盛顿州民主党)发起了一次委员会投票,试图让特朗普政府公布更多关于 WISeR 的文件,但共和党人投票否决了这一努力。
“很明显,政府之所以竭尽全力隐瞒这些文件,原因不言自明,”DelBene 在一份声明中表示。“美国人越是了解 WISeR,就越会对特朗普政府感到愤怒——因为它危及他们的医疗保障,并试图将 Medicare 私有化。”
技术失误
WISeR,全称为“浪费性与不当服务削减”(Wasteful and Inappropriate Service Reduction),旨在利用 AI 和机器学习,为特定服务确保“适当的 Medicare 支付”,同时通过“减少欺诈、浪费和滥用”使纳税人受益。该项目于 1 月在六个州——新泽西州、俄亥俄州、俄克拉荷马州、得克萨斯州、亚利桑那州和华盛顿州——启动,计划运行至 2031 年底。
迄今为止,该项目要求对大约十几种医疗服务进行事先授权,包括神经刺激、用于止痛的硬膜外类固醇注射、颈椎融合术(将颈部骨骼永久连接)、用于伤口的皮肤替代物,以及针对尿失禁和阳痿的治疗。
根据 EFF 发布的文件,该项目的实施十分仓促,技术也尚未就绪。其中一家供应商 Innovaccer 准备得如此不足,以至于它请求政府推迟上线;在请求未获批准后,该供应商将其系统设置为暂时自动批准所有请求。
根据 Innovaccer 致政府官员的一封信,该公司写道:“在我们最终确定、验证并部署完整的基于规则的解决方案期间,自动批准是唯一可用的路径,能够避免积压大量未处理的事先授权和索赔。”
但其他厂商仍在继续推进。有一家供应商 Zyter 连续数月出现数据差异,原因显然是它没有理解 Medicare Part A(覆盖住院/医院护理)与 Part B(覆盖门诊服务)之间的区别。Zyter 的 CEO Sundar Subramanian 在给 Ars Technica 的一份书面声明中表示,该公司目前“已在 Medicare Part A 和 Part B 理赔方面全面运转”。
Subramanian 表示,公司正与联邦合作伙伴及医疗服务提供方密切合作,以“提升体验”。
拒绝多于批准
另一家供应商 Virtix 被发现拒绝的预授权请求多于批准的请求。根据 3 月 30 日的一份周报,Virtix 已审核了 6,096 份预授权请求。其中批准了 2,863 份,拒绝了 3,233 份(53%)。
除了拒绝数量存疑之外,各家签约公司的决策往往耗时过长。WISeR 本应在 72 小时内给出授权决定,但许多决定耗时数周,有些甚至数月。EFF 的文件显示,至少有一份请求在 83 天后仍处于待处理状态。在一项调查中,一位医疗服务提供方表示,它“有一台手术因完全没有沟通而被推迟了近两个月”。
6 月有消息披露,Virtix 因在 72 小时时限方面“不合规”,被 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services(CMS)列入纠正行动计划(CAP)。在给 Ars Technica 的一份声明中,Virtix 确认其已被列入 CAP,但表示此后已“将预授权的平均周转时间缩短至 1.18 天,将预付审查裁定的平均周转时间缩短至 1.17 天,完全符合 WISeR 模型 3 天的要求。”
Virtix 表示,CAP 已于 8 月 14 日结束。
目前尚不清楚是否还有其他供应商被列入 CAP。CMS 和美国卫生与公众服务部未能在截稿前及时回应 Ars Technica 的置评请求以及一系列与 WISeR 相关的问题。
在给 Ars 的评论中,Virtix 表示,它“理解护理方面的任何延迟对患者来说都很艰难,我们不会轻视事先授权流程可能对正在承受疼痛、寻求缓解的人们所造成的影响。”
该公司接着表示:“话虽如此,WISeR 项目使用的是由 CMS 而非 Virtix Health 制定的长期存在的[国家覆盖决定]和[地方覆盖决定],来评估每一项申请程序的医疗适当性。”
Virtix 鼓励医疗服务提供者考虑重新提交授权申请,并就拒批要求进行同行对同行讨论。
“人类之耻”
对于许多有过 WISeR 使用经验的医疗服务提供者来说,寻求支持的建议不太可能让他们感到宽慰。从他们的角度来看,技术故障、延误和意外拒批已经带来了实实在在的痛苦,而许多提供者表示,当他们寻求支持时,项目供应商那边只有一片沉默。
WISeR 实施的真实情况,或许最能从俄亥俄州一位医疗服务提供者的反馈中得到体现。该提供者当时正与 Innovaccer 合作,而这家供应商最初会自动批准申请。在一次调查回复中,这位提供者(全部使用大写字母)写到了试图接受微创手术治疗脊柱压缩性骨折的患者,并说道:
我不得不眼睁睁看着 3 名患者在病床边哭泣,因为他们迟迟没有收到后凸成形术/椎体增强手术的预授权回复。这些患者正处于深度疼痛之中。我的医生们所在的许多诊所都收不到 Innovaccer 的回复……根本没办法联系到一个真人来沟通……这对美国人类来说是何等耻辱。这简直是第三世界。
另一位俄亥俄州的医疗服务提供者也对 Innovaccer 表达了类似的沮丧,涉及护理延迟和沟通缺失。他在一次调查回复中写道,这段经历“极其令人失望”:
对于必要止痛手术而言,3 至 4 天的延迟对脆弱患者来说已经很难熬,但当医疗服务提供者数周都得不到答复时,情况就变得不可接受……缺乏可获得的支援、问责机制和及时沟通,令人深感担忧。影响患者获得医学上必要手术的项目,必须拥有可靠的医疗服务提供者支持系统。目前,这一标准并未得到满足。患者理应得到更好的对待。医疗服务提供者理应得到答复。而旨在改善护理的系统,绝不应导致本可避免的痛苦。
Innovaccer 未回应 Ars Technica 的置评请求。在向 Stat News 发表的一份声明中,Innovaccer 表示其技术现已“全面上线”,并且公司“自该项目启动以来一直与所有合作伙伴密切合作,以完善和改进该项目,我们将继续本着患者优先的精神这样做。”
拒绝提供护理的经济激励
在上周的参议院听证会上,参议员 Patty Murray(华盛顿州民主党人)就 WISeR 向 Chris Klomp 提出了质询,后者是特朗普提名的 HHS 副部长人选,该职位需要参议院确认。在质询中,Murray 关注的并非 WISeR 灾难性的上线过程,而是该项目在设计上如何运作。
“该模式中的承包商——即执行事先授权评估的私营公司——如果拒绝提供护理,是否会赚更多钱?只需回答‘是’或‘否’,”Murray 在她的开场提问中问道。
“据我所知,不会,”Klomp 回答道。
Klomp 的理解并不准确,考虑到他一直担任 CMS 副署长,并且自去年以来一直主管 Medicare,这一点尤其值得注意。EFF 获得的文件包中包含的 CMS 文件明确指出,实施 WISeR 的公司会因拒绝护理请求而获得经济奖励。CMS 的规划文件将其描述为“一种新颖的支付方式,模式参与者按节省支出的一定比例获得报酬。”
作为 WISeR 参与者指南编写的 CMS 文件进一步解释称,对于每一项被拒绝的请求,CMS 将确定该护理在区域基准成本中本应是多少,然后向该公司支付 25%。
Murray 进一步引用了 CMS 精算师办公室的说法,该办公室在一份备忘录中直言不讳地解释道:“模型参与者将有动机尽可能多地拒绝索赔。”
“你猜怎么着,”Murray 说。“今年前三个月,华盛顿州的承包商拒绝的请求比批准的还多。”
微不足道的处罚
Klomp 为该计划辩护,称:“据我了解,当他们拒绝护理时,如果这样做不当,会有重大的经济处罚,而且 CMMI(医疗保险和医疗补助创新中心)正在密切关注他们的表现,并有权终止[合同]。据我了解,[CMMI] 还将很快发布一份报告或成绩单之类的东西,按供应商列出六个试点市场的账目……以推动问责。”
根据 CMS 文件,Klomp 指的是“综合质量评分”,这是为每家实施 WISeR 模型的公司计算的基于百分比的评分。该评分部分基于公司是否恰当地拒绝或批准护理请求,然后被用作付款的“质量调整”,以抑制不当拒绝护理的行为。
但 CMS 文件显示,对拒绝合理请求的这一调整性处罚力度很小。一家公司的 AQS 得分在 100% 到 85% 之间,就能从被拒赔中“节省”的成本里拿到全部 25%。如果公司得分在 84% 到 60% 之间,它将拿到这 25% 节省成本的 95%——利润仅下降 5%。如果得分低于 60%——按学校标准属于不及格——它仍能拿到 90%。
如果授权拒绝被申诉并遭推翻,公司就不会获得付款,但数据表明很少有人走完申诉流程。例如在 Medicaid Advantage 中,只有 11.5% 的护理拒绝被申诉——尽管 80% 的申诉会导致拒绝被推翻。
尽管 Klomp 声称,对于错误拒绝护理的公司将会追究责任,但 Murray 似乎并不买账。她说,她已经听到来自她所在州的老年人——WISeR 首批上线的六个州之一——的反映,他们的医生“为了获得批准与这些承包商反复交涉”,而他们自己已在疼痛中煎熬了数周。
该州的医院表示,自 1 月上线以来,情况并未好转。
“我已经知道 CMS 正计划把这扩展到肿瘤科,”Murray 说。“我会尽我所能阻止这件事。这真的在伤害患者。”
根据 CMS 文件,特朗普政府计划将 WISeR 的预先授权系统从癌症治疗扩展到空中救护转运、高级成像(如 MRI)、心导管术、心脏起搏器、植入式心律转复除颤器(ICD),以及基因和分子实验室检测。
In January, the Trump administration rolled out a pilot program that uses artificial intelligence to authorize or deny certain types of care for patients with Medicare—a federal healthcare program for seniors that previously hasn’t required doctors to get any such pre-approval, called prior authorization.
Not long after, media outlets began relaying the disastrous outcomes: technical difficulties, long delays in decisions and care, puzzling denials, frustrated doctors, and patients suffering in pain. Those reports were largely confirmed earlier this month when the Electronic Frontier Foundation released a tranche of federal documents about the program, called WISeR, that the group obtained amid litigation. The documents included feedback from healthcare providers, including one who called the program “a disgrace to the human race” and reported seeing patients crying in pain as they waited for care.
Amid the worrying reports, lawmakers have been trying to get answers and shut the program down. Meanwhile, the Government Accountability Office determined in May that Trump officials did not follow proper procedure in setting up the program, calling its legality into question. Still, it appears to be moving ahead unabated, with plans to expand in the years to come.
Last week, Rep. Suzan DelBene (D-Wash.) called a committee vote to try to get the Trump administration to release more documents about WISeR, but Republicans voted the effort down.
“It’s clear why the administration is doing everything they can to conceal these documents,” DelBene said in a statement. “The more that Americans learn about WISeR, the more outraged they get at the Trump administration for jeopardizing their care and trying to privatize Medicare.”
Technical fumbles
WISeR, which stands for Wasteful and Inappropriate Service Reduction, aims to use AI and machine learning to ensure “appropriate Medicare payment” for select services while benefiting taxpayers “by decreasing fraud, waste and abuse.” It was rolled out in January in six states—New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, Arizona, and Washington—and intends to run until the end of 2031.
So far, the program requires prior authorization for around a dozen medical services, including nerve stimulation, epidural steroid injections for pain, cervical fusions (permanently connecting bones in the neck), skin substitutes for wounds, and treatments for incontinence and impotence.
According to the documents released by the EFF, the program’s implementation was rushed, and the technology wasn’t ready. One vendor, Innovaccer, was so unprepared that it asked the government to delay the rollout, and when it didn’t, the vendor set up its program to automatically approve all requests temporarily.
“[A]uto-affirming is the only path available that avoids creating a backlog of unprocessed prior authorizations and claims while we finalize, validate, and deploy the full rules-based solution,” Innovaccer wrote, according to a letter it sent to government officials.
But others carried on. One vendor, Zyter, had data discrepancies for months because it apparently didn’t understand the difference between Medicare Part A, which covers inpatient/hospital care, and Part B, which covers outpatient services. Zyter’s CEO, Sundar Subramanian, told Ars Technica in a written statement that the company is now “fully functional across Medicare Part A and Part B claims.” The company is working closely with federal partners and the healthcare providers to “enhance the experience,” Subramanian said.
More denials than approvals
Another vendor, Virtix, was found to be denying more prior authorization requests than it was approving. According to a weekly report on March 30, Virtix had reviewed 6,096 pre-authorization requests. It approved 2,863 of them, denying 3,233 (53 percent).
In addition to a questionable number of denials, decisions from the various contracted companies often took too long. WISeR is intended to provide authorization decisions within 72 hours, but many have taken weeks, some even months. The documents from EFF reveal at least one request was still pending after 83 days. In a survey, one healthcare provider said it “had a surgery pushed back almost two months due to zero communication.”
It was revealed in June that Virtix was put on a Corrective Action Plan (CAP) by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) for “noncompliance” with the 72-hour window. In a statement to Ars Technica, Virtix confirmed it was on a CAP but said it has since “reduced its average turnaround time for prior authorization to 1.18 days and prepayment review determinations to 1.17 days, well within the WISeR Model’s 3-day requirement.”
Virtix said the CAP ended on August 14.
It’s unclear if any other vendors have been put on a CAP. The CMS and the Department of Health and Human Services did not immediately respond to Ars Technica’s request for comment and a list of questions related to WISeR in time for publication.
In its comment to Ars, Virtix said that it “understand[s] that any delay in care is difficult for patients, and we do not take lightly the impact that the prior authorization process can have on people who are in pain and seeking relief.”
That said,” the company continued, “the WISeR program uses long-established [National Coverage Determinations] and [Local Coverage Determinations] set by CMS, not by Virtix Health, to evaluate the medical appropriateness of each requested procedure.”
Virtix encouraged providers to consider resubmitting authorization requests and ask for peer-to-peer discussion about denials.
“A disgrace to the human race”
The suggestion to reach out for support is unlikely to assuage many providers who have experience with WISeR. From their perspective, technical snags, delays, and unexpected denials have led to real misery, and many providers have reported only radio silence from program vendors when they sought support.
The reality of WISeR’s implementation may best be captured by feedback from one healthcare provider in Ohio, which was working with Innovaccer, the vendor that initially auto-approved requests. In a survey response, the provider wrote (in all capital letters) about patients trying to get a minimally invasive surgery to treat compression fractures in their spines, saying:
I HAVE HAD TO WATCH 3 PATIENTS CRY AT BEDSIDE FOR NOT HEARING BACK ON THEIR PRIOR AUTH FOR KYPHOPLASTY/VERTABRAL AUGMENTIATION PROCEDURE. THESE PATIENTS ARE IN DEEP PAIN. SO MANY OFFICES OF MY PHYSICIANS ARE NOT HEARING BACK FROM INNOVACCER… THERE IS NO WAY TO GET A HOLD OF A HUMAN TO TALK TO… WHAT A DISGRACE TO THE HUMAN RACE IN AMERICA. THIS IS THIRD WORLD.
Another Ohio provider expressed similar frustration with Innovaccer about delayed care and lack of communication, writing in a survey response that the experience has been “extremely disappointing”:
A 3–4 day delay for necessary pain procedures is already difficult for vulnerable patients, but when providers cannot obtain answers for weeks, the situation becomes unacceptable… The lack of accessible support, accountability, and timely communication is deeply concerning. Programs affecting patient access to medically necessary procedures must have reliable provider support systems. Currently, that standard is not being met. Patients deserve better. Providers deserve answers. And systems designed to improve care should never result in preventable suffering.
Innovaccer did not respond to a request for comment from Ars Technica. In a statement to Stat News, Innovaccer said its technology is now “fully live” and that the company has “worked closely with all of our partners to refine and improve the program since its launch and we will continue to do so with the spirit of putting patients first.”
Financial incentive to deny care
In a Senate hearing last week, Sen. Patty Murray (D-Wash.) raised questions about WISeR to Chris Klomp, Trump’s nominee for Deputy Secretary of HHS, a position that requires Senate confirmation. In her questioning, Murray wasn’t focused on WISeR’s calamitous rollout; she was instead interested in how the program was designed to work.
“Do the contractors in the model—who are the private companies conducting the prior authorization assessments—make more money if they deny care? Just ‘yes’ or ‘no,’” Murray asked in her opening question.
“My understanding is no,” Klomp replied.
Klomp’s understanding is inaccurate, which is notable given that he has been working as the deputy administrator of CMS and has been directing Medicare since last year. CMS documents, included in the packet obtained by the EFF, clearly explain that the companies implementing WISeR are financially rewarded for denying requests for care. CMS’s planning documents describes it as a “novel payment approach where the model participants are compensated based on a share of averted expenditures.”
CMS documents written as a guide for WISeR participants explain further that for every denied request, CMS will determine what the regional benchmark cost for that care would have been and then pay the company 25 percent.
Murray further quoted the CMS Office of the Actuary, which explained bluntly in a memo that “model participants will have an incentive to deny as many claims as possible.”
“And what do you know,” Murray said. “In the first three months of this year, the Washington state contractor denied more requests than they approved.”
Puny penalties
Klomp defended the program, saying, “My understanding is that when they deny care, if they do so inappropriately, there are significant financial penalties and that CMMI [Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation] is carefully watching their performance and has the ability to terminate [contracts]. My understanding as well is that [CMMI] will be producing a report or a report card of something shortly that will show an accounting by vendor in the six trial markets… to drive an accountability.”
According to the CMS documents, Klomp was referring to the “Aggregate Quality Score,” a percentage-based score calculated for each company implementing the WISeR model. The score is partly based on whether companies appropriately deny or authorize care requests, and it’s then used as a “quality adjustment” to payments to disincentivize inappropriately denying care.
But the CMS documents reveal that this adjustment penalty for denying legitimate requests is small. A company that earns an AQS score of between 100 percent and 85 percent will be paid all 25 percent of the “averted” costs from denied claims. If a company’s score falls between 84 percent and 60 percent, it will be paid 95 percent of the 25 percent of averted costs—just a 5 percent drop in profits. If it scores below 60 percent—a failing grade by school standards—it will get 90 percent.
Companies won’t be paid if an authorization denial is appealed and overturned, but data suggests few people go through the appeal process. In Medicaid Advantage, for instance, only 11.5 percent of care denials are appealed—though 80 percent of appeals result in the denial being overturned.
While Klomp claimed that there would be accountability for companies wrongly denying care, Murray seemed to dismiss the assurance. She said she had already heard from seniors in her state—one of the six in which WISeR has debuted—who have suffered for weeks in pain as their doctors “battled with these contractors for approval.”
Hospitals in the state have said the situation has not gotten better since its rollout in January.
“I already know CMS is planning to expand this to oncology,” Murray said. “I am going to do everything I can to stop this. It is really hurting patients.”
According to the CMS documents, the Trump administration plans to expand WISeR’s prior authorization system from cancer treatments to air ambulance transport, advanced imaging (such as MRIs), cardiac catheterization, pacemakers, Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs), and genetic and molecular lab tests.