Great paper from Google and colleagues.

Trains Text-to-SQL agents using multi-agent RL.

(bookmark it)

This work proposes DualSQL, which splits Text-to-SQL into two agents, one that links the question to the right tables and columns and one that writes the SQL.

Both agents run on the same model weights, so a single multi-agent RL run trains both roles together. The agents can query the database through three tools while they reason.

Multi-agent RL tends to collapse during training, so the authors add guardrails on rollouts and a new reward, robust execution match, that judges SQL correctness more accurately.

Trained on only 3,755 examples, DualSQL-4B reaches 68.0% execution accuracy on BIRD dev, matching earlier 7B models. DualSQL-8B reaches 71.1%, ahead of previous single-model systems with 32B parameters.

Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.18135

Chat with Paper: https://academy.dair.ai/papers/dualsql-text-to-sql-with-multi-agent-reinforcement-learning-2609.18135