关于AI爆炸式进展的预测,其核心前提是AI智能体能够自动化AI研究本身。然而,关于智能体能否开展开放式AI研究的证据目前还很薄弱。现有的评估要么是在狭窄、可验证的任务上测试智能体,这排除了开放式研究;要么是将AI生成的论文提交给盲审同行评议,而这种方式负担过重、随机性大,且评审质量堪忧。
我们引入了第三种衡量AI研发自动化进展的方法:让一个智能体去攻克一篇高质量未发表论文的核心开放式研究问题,并由该论文的原作者对其产出进行评分。我们称之为“影子评估”。我们对两篇未发表的NeurIPS 2026投稿论文进行了影子评估,给予前沿智能体六天时间和数千美元的计算资源。
智能体在无需人工帮助的情况下完成了所有工程任务,但在解答研究问题方面却未能取得实质性进展。结果,两篇论文均被作者明确拒绝。我们识别出五个反复出现的失败模式:对可发表研究的门槛判断力差、对研究设计缺陷的应对缺乏创造性、从死胡同中无效回溯、资源意识薄弱,以及指令漂移。
使用第二个模型和脚手架进行的稳健性检验复现了这些失败。我们公开了专家评审意见、调查回复、智能体代码库和日志。我们的结果提供了早期证据,表明当今的智能体能够完成AI研究的工程部分,但在研究生命周期的关键环节上仍存在困难。
Forecasts of explosive AI progress hinge on AI agents automating AI research. But evidence on whether agents can carry out open-ended AI research is thin. Current evaluations either test agents on narrow, verifiable tasks, which excludes open-ended research, or submit AI-generated papers to blind peer review, which is overstretched, stochastic, and suffers from poor review quality. We introduce a third way to measure progress towards AI R&D automation. An agent takes on the central, open-ended research question of a high-quality unpublished paper, and the paper's original authors grade its output.
We call these shadow evaluations. We ran shadow evaluations on two unpublished NeurIPS 2026 submissions, giving frontier agents six days and thousands of dollars of compute. The agents completed all of the engineering without human help, yet could not make substantial progress towards answering the research questions. As a result, both papers were unambiguously rejected by the authors. We identify five recurring failure modes: poor judgment about the bar for publishable research, uncreative responses to shortcomings in the research design, ineffective backtracking from dead ends, poor resource awareness, and instruction drift.
A robustness check with a second model and scaffold reproduced these failures. We release the expert reviews, survey responses, agent repositories, and logs. Our results provide early evidence that today's agents can do the engineering of AI research, but struggle with critical parts of the research lifecycle.